There were also closures two years ago, which were blamed on slow trading and the close location of the branches to existing Nationwide branches.

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Owing to geography, Japan found itself at the periphery of the Asian global trading network, and precisely because of this peripheral location it has been able to retain its independence throughout its history.

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For investment banks, the data centers can provide co-location of their algo engines next to exchanges to reduce latency in high frequency trading.

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