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In Middlesbrough, Labour's Andy McDonald, a solicitor for a trade union law firm and former councillor, won with 10, 201 votes to UKIP candidate Richard Elvin's 1, 990.
BBC: By-elections: Labour retains three seats
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The prospect of further industrial action has led some senior Tory figures, including Mayor of London Boris Johnson, to call for changes to trade union law to ensure that strike ballots can be lawful only if 50% of union members take part.
BBC: Unions have not ruled out strikes over pension cuts
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Though some of his officials are taking a more conciliatory line, Mr Chavez himself has shown no signs of backing down from his plan to approve a new trade-union law, and then to organise elections for union leaders.
ECONOMIST: Venezuela: Voters strike | The
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He got a doctorate in economics, worked briefly at the Communist Party's Institute of Marxism-Leninism, and advised the Solidarity trade union before the imposition of martial law in 1981.
WSJ: The Weekend Interview With Leszek Balcerowicz: The Anti-Bernanke
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He doubts that changes in the law now will bring back trade union militancy.
ECONOMIST: Trade unions
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It depicts a child's-eye view of shortages, strikes and martial law that cracked down on the Solidarity trade union.
WSJ: Poles Apart: Today's Kids Line Up to Learn About Communist Past in Poland
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Zimbabwe's trade union movement says it has reduced to just one day a general strike called to press the government to restore law and order.
BBC: Zimbabwe unions scale back strike
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First the policy has been challenged by wine-producing European Union nations such as France, Italy and Spain amid claims that it breaches EU law on free trade.
BBC: Minimum pricing having a difficult birth in Scotland