The intractable difficulties in working out the trade effect from previous currency unions means that previous estimates are fatally flawed.
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Again, you have to look at the full effect on the economy, and as with trade the effect is that welfare overall increases.
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Bush-era trade quotas on steel demonstrate a secondary effect of trade restrictions.
McCain supports the North American Free Trade Agreement, which took effect in 1994 and seeks to reduce barriers to trade between Mexico, Canada and the United States.
Even though Britain relies more than other European countries on Asian trade and investment, sterling should have the bigger effect, given that the trade-weighted value of the pound is about 25% higher than in mid-1996.
Leaving them out would exaggerate the estimates of the effect on trade of currency-union membership.
The party said it would oppose George Ferguson's plans and claim it would have a "devastating" effect on trade.
There is a bicycle effect in trade: failure to go forward creates a risk that the existing system topples to the ground.
The Treasury's best guess is that the long-run effect on trade of British membership would be towards the top of its 5-50% range.
Since the Chile Free Trade Agreement went into effect in 2004, our exports of goods there are up 300%, supporting an estimated 70, 000 jobs in the United States today.
It is likely that any conflict will have an effect on trade and on tourism and we will have to monitor those impacts and take appropriate action to manage them.
The North America Free Trade Agreement went into effect in January 1994, opening Ciudad Juarez up to an influx of factories, for companies like Delphi, General Motors, Philips, RCA and General Electric.
With that promise in hand, the bank would make the purchase and immediately sell it onto the buyer at a mark-up, agreeing the buyer could pay, say, three months after goods are delivered--in effect, trade finance at a fixed rate with legal protection against default on the one side and loan sharking on the other.
We spent a lot of time thinking about macro product management issues (in zynga like ways, but with less malice, and more desire to make lasting value) such as whether single horizontal site vs vertical category sites, minute pricing detail of different types of formats, cross border trade policies and their effect on the marketplaces.
That began to happen during the first quarter of this year, when a rising trade imbalance proved a modest counterbalance to booming domestic demand, and its effect is intensifying as the trade deficit widens.
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Trade policy will have an effect on employment, but not enough to provide relief from unemployment.
This will, at the margin, trigger trade adjustments similar to the effect of a dollar decline.
Unfortunately for Proton, those protections will disappear when ASEAN Free Trade Area rules come into effect.
An obvious one is the potentially disruptive effect of new trade routes.
But self-imposed, low-level barriers to trade have a much worse effect.
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In economic effect, a trade quota is rather like a tariff coupled with a donation of the tariff proceeds to a wealthy and politically connected foreigner.
Given that economists have underestimated the severity of Asia's crisis so far, the recessions there (and hence the effect, through trade, on America) may well be bigger than many expect.
To cope with the energy industry's effect on the trade balance, the government has restricted imports of countless other products, and made it harder for citizens to swap pesos for dollars.
But the two countries have worked together to ensure the dispute has no effect on investment and trade.
But there are two non-business reasons to be pro-trade: 1. the dramatic effect it can have on international diplomacy and 2. the equally dramatic effect it can have on global poverty.
Mr Helliwell's research showed that the Free Trade Act, which came into effect in 1989, did have an impact: the ratio for traded goods had fallen from about 20:1 to 12:1 by 1993.
Although the NRA is ostensibly an organisation seeking to protect the civil rights of its 4m members, critics such as the Violence Policy Centre (VPC), a gun-control group, contend that the level of funding from firearms manufacturers makes it, in effect, just a trade association for the gun industry.
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The first phase of a free-trade zone is due to take full effect on January 1st.
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If you simply update the approach used in Mr Krugman's 1995 paper to take into account today's trade patterns, you find that the effect on wages has increased.
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The alleged purpose: to effect a prompt lifting of the trade embargo against Hanoi.
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