He cites the 1991 visit of an American inspection team to the Pechora radar in the Arctic Circle, when inspectors learned that the radar was passing along target-tracking information to a central command.
Beyond tracking consumer habits digitally and using data generated recommendations, brands can target sales even more effectively by offering a stylist or sales associate to provide advice and make one-on-one personal connections with the customer.
The expectation that an index fund will get EXACTLY the return of the target index sets the stage for an interesting problem: Zero tracking error is achievable, but it comes at a very high price.
Unlike with traditional TV campaigns, advertisers online can increasingly target commercials at precisely the right sort of people, using sophisticated data mining and tracking technology.