Every day, 3 billion people in developing countries are exposed to toxic smoke when preparing meals.
Most of the victims died after inhaling the toxic smoke produced when ceiling insulation foam caught fire.
The toxic smoke affected Puerto Madero, Congreso, San Telmo and other central areas of the Argentine capital.
Paradigm works primarily in rural Kenya, providing women with clean cookstoves that reduce wood consumption and toxic smoke, saving long and often treacherous journeys to collect wood and preventing the development of pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses.
Dr Paulo Afonso Beltrame, a professor at the medical school of the Federal University of Santa Maria, went to the city's Caridade Hospital to help victims and said the "large amounts of toxic smoke" caused "at least 90%" of the deaths.
BBC: Eyewitness: Kiss night club fire in Santa Maria, Brazil
Then, in the pre-dawn hours of Sunday, it turned into a scene of indescribable horror as sparks lit a fire in the soundproofing material above the stage, churning out black, toxic smoke as flames raced through the former beer warehouse, killing 231 people.
There's no diet, or vitamin supplement, that could ever counter the toxic effects of cigarette smoke.
The findings suggest that women may be biologically more vulnerable to the toxic effects of tobacco smoke.
Despite the spread of antismoking laws, 60 percent of nonsmokers in the U.S. are still exposed to the toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke, according to the study.
Toxic particles in cigarette smoke can remain on nearby surfaces, as well as the hair and clothing of the smoker, long after the cigarette has been put out, and small children are susceptible because they are likely to breathe in close proximity, or even lick and suck them.
Dense smoke laden with toxic dust from rubbish burnt at the dump billows for miles around.
Secondhand smoke and third-hand smoke -- the toxic residue left behind on walls, carpets, and clothes long after a cigarette is extinguished -- are bad news, especially for children, pregnant women, people with chronic illnesses, and the elderly, Winickoff and his colleagues note.
The military said smoke from the pit exposed troops to toxic emissions, including low levels of cancer-causing dioxins.
Dr. Sarah Janssen, a physician and scientist for the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental advocacy group, says that she frequently sees patients complaining of symptoms related to toxic levels of mold, lead, formaldehyde and tobacco smoke.
Similarly, researchers from Lund University in Sweden found toxic substances in the air of a smoky room were 120 times higher than in a smoke-free room.
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