Furthermore, doctors have to start considering patient discomfort in their research and even start comparing the costs of the treatments to the benefits they offer.

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At a macro level they tend to grow around major research universities because top graduates like to stay in town and start businesses after graduating, while their girlfriends or boyfriends finish school.

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With so many unknowns, the programme teaches participants to treat their start-up as if it were a typical research project, amenable to the same iterative process of hypothesis testing and experimentation.

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Research indicates if young people struggle to find a job at the start of their working lives they may remain unemployed for many years.

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In the U.S. however there has been a noticeable increase in the number of top executives giving up their bonus since the start of the year, according to Alexander Cwirko-Godycki, research manager at California-based Equilar, which conducts research on executive compensation.

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GM's vice president for research and development, Lawrence Burns, says consumers have to start thinking of their car as a power-supplying appliance as well as a means of transportation. (A hybrid car, for example, might be an alternative to an emergency generator during an ice storm.) Meanwhile, GM is endorsing Huber's thinking with plans to introduce plug-in versions of the Chevrolet Volt and a Saturn vue crossover by 2010.

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