Anadys Pharmaceuticals is in early-stage human tests with drugs that stimulate the so-called TLR-7 receptor on immune cells to produce interferon just where it is needed.

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Very soon after dendritic cells encounter germs via their TLR the process of acquiring pieces of the germ is actually increased before it is switched off by the time the dendritic cell reaches a lymph node, he said.

BBC: Dendrites detected bacteria within minutes

"This information could be used to enhance the potency of vaccines against germs or even tumours if, for example, we could find a way to deliver them along with molecules that stimulate TLR to dendritic cells in the skin, " he said.

BBC: Dendrites detected bacteria within minutes