Nott believes the paper was unwilling to tip off the public to the trick it was already using to obtain messages.

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The cap of this pen doubles as a stylus tip, giving users the option to write with ink on paper in the iNotebook device and then quickly switch over to writing with a stylus in the app.

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The raid followed a tip-off that pupils at the tutorial college were being coached using the GCSE maths paper they were due to take the next day.

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Work on this "prototype" allowed him to figure out technique, layout and technical details like the type of paper (19-by-13-inch watercolor) and writing instruments (felt-tip pens).

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