Retired Colonel Patrick Lang says that's because the US went into Iraq with the attitude that Iraq's political transformation would follow the US model.

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The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty highlighted the practice in its groundbreaking viral video, Evolution, which showed the transformation of a woman into a model with rounds of makeup, grooming and a bit of digital cheek shaving.

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The old model is largely dead and thankfully, the new model is very much in tune with digital transformation.

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Richard Hamilton of Columbia University had previously realised the usefulness of this heat-flow model but became unstuck when he found that, under this transformation, the object may stretch out to form singularities spikes that could not be easily manipulated into a sphere.

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In the process, a model can emerge that other Arab societies may look to and emulate for their own transformation and that of the entire region.

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"A real transformation comes over him when he sits down with the Sheikh - he becomes all quiet, very much the model pupil, " Raja's wife, Khadija, said.

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