The first crisis came at the turn of the century, when he was commissioned to paint several murals for the Great Hall of the University of Vienna on classical themes such as Medicine and Philosophy.

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What exemplified Islam for him, he said, was the decision by one early Muslim ruler to ransom Christian prisoners in exchange for works of Greek philosophy, medicine and mathematics.

ECONOMIST: Naguib Mahfouz | The

According to Mr Shamdasani, an eminent historian of psychology and psychiatry at the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London, these included medical psychology, philology, anthropology, history, philosophy, theology and biology.

ECONOMIST: Carl Gustav Jung