This would include the internal culture of the organisation, the attitude of management, and the pattern of incentives as perceived by the staff.

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In doing this, he was following the pattern of several large European states who were busy centralising government and economic management.

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Do they realize that they are watching, not just individual companies stumble, but a vivid demonstration of a broader pattern, namely that traditional management no longer fits the world in which we are living today?

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Major Japanese companies have, historically, been reluctant to bring outsiders into the boardroom, a pattern that many corporate-governance experts have said has led to insular management and a number of high-profile corporate scandals in recent years.

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