It demonstrates quite conclusively the causation connection between in a quantitative fashion.
Considering all of the evidence, I find that the petitioners have failed to demonstrate that thimerosal-containing vaccines can contribute to the causation of autism.
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Maybe the causation flows in reverse: voters elect Republicans in times of economic hardship and Democrats when the economy (and the stock market) is doing well.
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More sophisticated surveys show that the causation runs both ways: Happy people tend to find spouses, while those suffering from depression don't find it so easy.
Scientists use at least 20 million rodents a year in experiments in the U.S., to test foods, drugs and chemicals and to unearth basic truths about the causation of disease and the functioning of the human immune system.
Trade imbalances are the tethering link in the chain of causation behind the long recession.
But, and this is terribly important for today, the line of causation does not run in the opposite direction!!!
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Eventually, when the chain of causation is traced in full, the chances are that the underlying difference between polar and tropical octopuses will be in the DNA itself.
The kids are not smarter because of the book collection (causation), but because of what the book collection says about their parents and the way their parents raise children (correlation).
From the use of surrogate endpoints (based on biological plausibility and the results of preclinical studies) to the distinction between correlation and causation, confounding (whether the effect size is too large to be explained away by confounding), and the hypothesis-generating nature of the inferential process.
It certainly correlates with the emergence of the web, though whether the correlation reflects causation is unproven.
The answer is, of course, no and the reason has to do with the difference between causation and correlation.
Well, as the first chapter of any Principles Economics course discusses, we must be able to make the distinction between causation or association.
The essence of the implant-causation argument is as follows.
The researchers noted, however, that "the direction of causation is unclear, " meaning they couldn't tell if a healthier brain was a result of physical activity, or if people showing signs of cognitive decline weren't able to exercise.
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The first question hinges on causation, a tricky thing to show at the best of times.
That testimony was enough to establish causation, the lawyer argued, despite the fact that Cochran never suffered from the unwarned condition of VHD.
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The study shows association, not causation, meaning there could be some other factors linking the Mediterranean diet to resilience against this form of brain damage.
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But causation to the side, New Orleans and now New York have taken body blows from powerful storms, and this is clearly no laughing matter.
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What differentiates our analysis over existing work is that we were able to go beyond mere correlations and establish causation in the relationship between corporate governance measures and firm value.
At the same time, we can also see how creation science or intelligent-design theories attempt to make God another secondary cause, another explanation for empirical events, without attending to the deeper level of causation that God provides.
Importantly, for purposes of public policy, causation is not the right or only threshold for whether we need to tackle this issue.
Given that medical professionals and regulators act on the basis of evidence of causation that is not statistically significant, it stands to reason that in certain cases reasonable investors would as well.
Those are the facts necessary to satisfy the elements of a claim for, say, breach of contract: promise, consideration, failure to perform, causation and damages, or the requirements of an affirmative defense: impossibility of performance, for instance.
As every science student is taught from the beginning, correlation is not causation.
The BP spill will generate a bewildering array of claims and chains of causation, possibly including future cancer cases claimants will blame on the carcinogens in oil.
As the author, Professor Bernard Stewart, an internationally-noted expert in cancer causation, points out, there is a remarkable scientific consensus on the causes of avoidable cancer, and they relate to lifestyle choices that people can actually do something about: smoking, poor diet, excessive drinking, obesity, physical inactivity, and exposure to the sun.
Much of the second half is taken up with the devilishly tricky business of trying to extract causation from correlation.
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