In short, Mr Prodi, often portrayed as a crumpled-looking professor more at home teaching economics in his native Bologna than playing politics in Rome, has been a good deal tougher and cannier than he looked.

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The inquiry began after a teaching assistant detected problems in a take-home test.

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Foreign students pay realistic fees (in contrast to the lossmaking business of teaching home students).

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Some teach from home while others go to the teaching centers in the middle of the night.

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Long before there was a downtown dance scene, Buttenwieser Hall was a home to choreographers like Martha Graham, who began teaching there in 1935, while Kaufman was a proving ground for major companies like Alvin Ailey, which unveiled its ground-breaking work "Revelations" there in 1960.

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These professionals are responsible for teaching courses in childcare, family relations, finance, nutrition, and related subjects pertaining to home management.

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The women who went to university before the second world war faced formidable obstacles: ridiculed by fellow students, refused teaching by some lecturers, denounced in newspaper editorials and often pulled out of study unceremoniously because of problems at home.

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Her husband, Milton Brothers, was still in medical school and Brothers had just given up her teaching positions at Hunter College and Columbia University to be home with her newborn, firmly believing a child's development depended on it.

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