He cites the 1991 visit of an American inspection team to the Pechora radar in the Arctic Circle, when inspectors learned that the radar was passing along target-tracking information to a central command.
The expectation that an index fund will get EXACTLY the return of the target index sets the stage for an interesting problem: Zero tracking error is achievable, but it comes at a very high price.
Beyond tracking consumer habits digitally and using data generated recommendations, brands can target sales even more effectively by offering a stylist or sales associate to provide advice and make one-on-one personal connections with the customer.
Unlike with traditional TV campaigns, advertisers online can increasingly target commercials at precisely the right sort of people, using sophisticated data mining and tracking technology.