Guarente feels that drugs that target SIRT1 might slow aging and have wide effects on other, more testable diseases, such as cancer and heart disease.

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When taxes target the top 50 percent, they have spillover effects to everyone else.

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Such cancer targeted therapies, it was hoped, would pinpoint cancer's weak points and target them, resulting in greater efficacy and fewer side effects.

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When the Navy conducted its atomic bomb tests at the Bikini Atoll in 1946, more than 90 people volunteered to man the ships stationed in the target area, so that scientists could gather data about the biological effects of the blasts.

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The European Commission recently examined the effects of biofuel mandates, and decided to scale back by half its original 2020 target for transportation fuel made from food sources.

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"It is very difficult to assess how well the government is progressing toward its target of reducing net-migration to the 'tens of thousands', or to evaluate the effects of specific policy changes, " says Dr Martin Ruhs, Director of the Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford.

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If we really knew how drug target selective compounds and even biosimilars (inter-)act, we should be able to predict side effects much better.

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Moreover, the MPC still has room for manoeuvre to counter the contractionary effects of additional budgetary curbs, because its central forecast shows consumer-price inflation below the 2% target in two years' time, the horizon it focuses on when setting monetary policy.

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