But those children weren't divided randomly, leading Dr. Whitehurst and other researchers to question the findings.

WSJ: No Easy Lessons in Assessing Preschool Payoff

The fact that the gestures don't come randomly suggests they carry some meaning.

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"Because of that, they tend to select symbolic targets, they don't often randomly attack people on the street, " he says.

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"Our research shows that, at times, tiger sharks and thresher sharks don't swim randomly but swim to specific locations, " said research leader Yannis Papastamatiou from the Florida Museum of Natural History in Gainesville.

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Apps can randomly crash and the OS doesn't always respond to my inputs with the speed I'd expect of a quad-core device.

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The 123 African-American students were split randomly between those assigned to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program and those who weren't.

WSJ: No Easy Lessons in Assessing Preschool Payoff