Its first success was the iPod, and Apple leveraged this to create an iPlatform, an ecosystem built around its closed operating system and closed products.
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But I think the key thing, though, is that Chad has a closed political system and it has had a closed political system since long before Deby came to power.
The Penn State scandal was not about what Jerry Sandusky did, but about the system that closed ranks behind him.
Energy operators also must meet with homeowners and others who live within 1, 000 feet of their proposed projects to listen to their concerns, not use open pits to store drilling waste and ensure their venting system is closed to prevent sending methane into the air.
They also wrote in a semi-closed system that required an imprimatur of worthiness to enter.
But the catch with alternative instant messaging services is that each one is a closed system.
Company security officials said Facebook is a closed system, which can be helpful in erasing phony messages from all accounts.
Apple has chosen a closed system in which it and only it derives nearly all the economic benefit of its technology.
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If the force does not recommend that the money should be made available, part of the system could be closed down.
The Commodore 64 was a closed system without expansion ports and a crummy poke-based version of BASIC that was outdated and stilted.
Unlike Apple's closed system for apps, in which the company must approve all products in its store, Google's platform is far more open.
I'm not saying that in other forms of distribution they are not entitled totally to whatever they can cadge from the closed system operators.
Linkedin has always seemed to be more of a closed system to me, more professional and that makes sense as that is its audience.
No single competitor offers the complete offering to consumers connecting a vast library of content to highly designed hardware in an easy-to-use closed system.
Apple remains a closed system with its fair share or problems.
Without such restrictions, many consumer advocates say the Internet will change from being an open, democratic network to a closed system, as NPR's Laura Sydell reports.
When critics charge that Facebook, the largest virtual community on earth connecting more people than ever before, is a closed system, the terms seem to lose meaning.
We know, for instance, that loopholes in the law's accountability system must be closed to ensure that the performance of disadvantaged children is not being hidden or ignored.
The snag was that bureaucrats insisted on keeping this a closed system, even after it became clear to everyone else that the future belonged to open networks like the internet.
While Apple under Steve Jobs focused on its Macintosh closed system of hardware, software, and applications, Microsoft built an open market system on Windows: any hardware, any application, many ways to make money.
But when it's in a closed system that no one can see, that people can't judge and say, well, hey, you know, you gave that contract away for so much more money and it's a sole source contract.
Closed Monetary system, at will no one can just create more money than the allowable amount that CAN be created by mining.
Android diehards counter that many Apple fans will blindly buy up anything the company produces and that the closed iOS system stifles creativity.
The iPhone OS, by comparison, is a closed operating system where only certain Apple approved products can be loaded onto the device.
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The Payments Council said the cheque clearing system would only be closed once acceptable alternatives had been devised - and more consultation is expected in the future.
Apple, on the other hand, has a very closed operating system, giving its developers far less leeway in exchange for what the company says is a smoother, better-developed user experience.
The salmon just grows faster, a tremendous economic advantage to those farming the fish in a closed water system, and to consumers, who would be able to take advantage of greater supply and lower prices.
Another change is also vital if young workers are to look forward to a decent retirement, for many of the corporate final-salary pension schemes, which did much to make up for the inadequacies of the state system, are now closed to new members.
Even though Congress is different in this era -- with both parties deeply divided internally and a closed committee system that dampens the power of party leaders to control members -- those historical struggles offer some instructive lessons for today as to how to seize a great opportunity that emerges.
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