Although there were reportedly enough musicians at the camp to populate two symphony orchestras, instruments were scarce.
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In 2001, leaders of a few small-budget symphony orchestras around the country gathered to commission a new piece of music from a nationally known composer.
Johnson and saxophonist Ornette Coleman composed for symphony orchestras.
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Those are among the challenges addressed by the second class of the three-year-old Jazz Composers Orchestra Institute, which connects composers working primarily in jazz with symphony orchestras to seek a deepened context for such collaboration.
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With the rise of the historical-performance movement, performances of "Messiah" with 100-voice choirs and full symphony orchestras are no longer the norm, but a baroque orchestra and a small choir are no guarantee of excellence either.
Another force that has made university-level educators wary of the online world is that organizations from museums to libraries to symphony orchestras are all getting into the content business, mainly by putting information on the Internet.
Symphony orchestras in other big cities are feeling similar constraints, as the economic downturn hurt many endowments and donations even as costs kept rising, said Robert Flanagan, a Stanford University economist who has written a book about symphony finances.
Michael Stern settled in as music director of the Kansas City Symphony in 2005, after decades guest-conducting orchestras that included the New York Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra and the London Symphony.
Later in life, he held principal pops conductor positions at various American orchestras, including the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra and the Pasadena, San Diego and Seattle Symphonies.
In concert, Racette has performed with many of the world's leading orchestras, including the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the San Francisco Symphony, and she recorded Zemlinsky's Der Traumgorge with James Conlon and the Cologne Philharmonic.
He added that the San Francisco musicians, while the third-highest-paid among big U.S. orchestras, after the Los Angeles Philharmonic and Chicago Symphony, faced higher living costs than other cities' musicians.
This time they packed off for Vienna, where two hastily assembled orchestras, the Vienna Film Orchestra and the Vienna Symphony (the opera label for the Vienna Philharmonic, which also appears by name in the file) stood at the ready, pending resolution of legal issues.
He was invited to conduct orchestras in Britain, Hong Kong and New York (the Albany Symphony Orchestra).
Over the years, Schwantner has been commissioned by many orchestras, including the New York Philharmonic and Washington's National Symphony.
Although Leon Botstein, president of Bard College and music director of the American Symphony Orchestra, finds the Venezuelan state-funded, national system of youth orchestras admirable, he does not believe the model can be identically copied in the United States.
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With the backing from organizations including the American Symphony Orchestra League and the Ford Motor Company Fund, interest grew and the consortium ballooned to 65 orchestras from all 50 states.
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