Sequential optical images of high spatial resolution were used for the first time to derive surface ice velocities of Glaciar Upsala, a fast-moving fresh-water calving glacier in southern Patagonia.
The torpedo-shaped instrument gathers data about the difference between the level of the seawater beneath the ice and the surface of the ice itself.
The oil is so thick on the surface that ice from nearby Columbia glacier turned black.
"Cryosphere" refers to the regions of the Earth's surface where ice predominates.
The idea that the surface of Mercury has ice has been kicking around since the 1970s, and radio telescope images in 1991 showed some signs that were consistent with there being water ice on the surface.
The men could not climb out, because the ice surface was nearly vertical, and they huddled together for warmth.
It is on that surface of the ice that they have adapted ways of catching seals that are their principal prey.
As well as this reduction in area, scientists believe that, hidden beneath the surface, the ice is growing ever thinner, setting up the Arctic for another sudden, catastrophic collapse.
These data will provide invaluable information about Antarctic atmospheric dynamics, of the origin of water vapour over the oceans and how it is ultimately deposited as snow on the surface of the ice sheet.
Satellites have long been used to track ice extent (area), but calculating the thickness of the marine floes requires the overflying spacecraft to gauge the difference between the top of the ice surface and the top of the water - a relatively simple calculation then gives the overall volume.
Some scientists still defend those results: the soil may have had microbes living on ice beneath the surface, they say.
Discovery of volcanic ice flows and melting of ice on the surface of Europa that support the premise of liquid oceans underneath.
One theory is that the summer sun melts ice on the surface of the glacier which creates pools of water which then flow into moulins -- narrow tubular shafts in the glacier.
These have shown that Mars had vast oceans in the past, and went on to demonstrate, after this book went to press, that Mars still has lots of ice beneath its surface.
They announced preliminary findings in March but now have good data confirming large amounts of the water-ice just beneath the surface south of 60 degrees latitude.
Data from the Sharad (SHAllow RADar) instrument (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter), document that some of these glacial-like features, which you find at Mars' mid-latitudes, have a significant volume of ice left below a surface of rock debris.
Melting on the ice sheet's surface acts as a feedback mechanism, Dr van den Broeke explained, because the liquid water absorbs more and reflects less of the incoming solar radiation - resulting in a heating of the ice.
Absorption is particularly fast in cold water so the Arctic is especially susceptible, and the recent decreases in summer sea ice have exposed more sea surface to atmospheric CO2.
Dr Malin and Dr Edgett suggest that the gullies are being created by water that is either seeping slowly to the surface or building up behind barriers of ice and occasionally bursting through.
Where the ice vanishes entirely, the surface loses its usual highly reflective whiteness - which sends most solar radiation back into space - and is replaced by darker waters instead which absorb more heat.
Then, when snow or rain wash them onto an ice floe, they darken its surface and thus cause it to melt faster.
Greenland's surface layer vaulted into the news in summer 2012 when higher than normal temperatures caused surface melting across about 97 percent of the ice sheet.
ENGADGET: NASA's GROVER eco-rover to examine Greenland's ice sheet (video)
They spend most of their time on sea ice, this cap of ice that is floating around on the surface of the Arctic Ocean.
In the study released Wednesday, researchers suggest extracting the natural gas hydrates with "depressurization" -- a method that involves changing the ice into gas and water at the surface.
Water-ice covers Charon, while Pluto's surface is predominantly nitrogen frost with traces of methane and carbon monoxide ices.
This has allowed scientists to retrieve information about the Arctic Ocean region's gravity field, its surface circulation, and the thickness of its sea-ice cover.
The ice then melts, leaving a space below the surface, which caves in under the stress of vehicles and eventually forms a pothole.
Alex Scott, SNH area officer for West Sutherland and Wester Ross (North), said the caves provided a unique record of Scotland's ancient history, as glaciers during the Ice Age erased many remains buried just below the surface of the ground.
BBC: NEWS | UK | Scotland | Highlands and Islands | New tests on rare polar bear find
Aside from the crunch of crampons on ice, the only sound is meltwater running over the glacier surface in a perfect zigzag stream.
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