At their presentation in Phoenix, summarizing research for a paper to be finished soon, they compared the world ranking of the top 200 players to a ranking of those same players' skill levels calculated using a statistical model they also devised, which simultaneously takes into account players' adjusted tournament scores and the difficulty of the courses.
Norton wrote a nice piece for Forbes last year, summarizing his research that shows how giving away money makes people happier than spending money on themselves.
The FERC staff "concluded that an underlying supply-demand imbalance and flawed market design combined to make a fertile environment for market manipulation, " according to a statement summarizing the report.