The key questions, then, are how to avoid lapses of quality control such as that of Thames Valley University, and how to deal with such lapses when they do occur.

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Quality control, such as it is, is exercised at the bigger venues.

ECONOMIST: The macro and micro of an impromptu festival

As such, he adds, strong quality control measures need to be in place.

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While the study took into account factors that can affect sperm quality, such as age, researchers were unable to control for socio-economic factors, smoking or weight, which have been shown to have a major impact.

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It supports processes that we all often take for granted, such as air quality, climate regulation, water purification, parasite and disease control, pollination and the prevention of erosion.

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Hefty cost cutting, an emphasis on quality control inspired by Mercedes and a range of desirable new models, such as the powerful, Teutonic-styled 300C, restored Chrysler to profit.

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Also, said Allason, Shutl is acting as middleman between the couriers and retailers and to be successful in building such a brand, quality control has to be top priority.

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The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society, incorporated in 1969, exercises no quality control, but just prints the programmes, runs the box office and provides support, such as rehearsal space.

ECONOMIST: The macro and micro of an impromptu festival