At the same time there's more competition from chains like Subway, which offers more healthful fare.

FORBES: Magazine Article

If you get tired, you can bring your bike on the MBTA subway or bus for no additional fare.

BBC: In Boston, leaf peeping by bike

Third, to the extent that the fees push commuters to switch from cars to mass transit, they will spread subway and bus costs over more users, thus helping to keep down fare increases.

FORBES: Drive-By Pricing

That was when the city authorities, in a bid to attract drivers of private cars off the road, slashed the ticket prices on the subway -- by more than half in some cases -- and introduced a flat fare of 2 Yuan (30 U.S. cents) with unlimited transfers.

CNN: Beijing commuters feel the squeeze