In many markets, inferior products can act as partial substitutes for more costly superior products.
Given what ails us, additional monetary policy measures are poor substitutes for more powerful pro-growth policies.
In some countries, most importantly India, rice and wheat are substitutes for each other.
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PCs but much earlier, computers have indeed been used as substitutes for low-skill clerical workers.
NPR's Tovia Smith reports that civil unions are often spurned as poor substitutes for the real thing.
So are videoconferencing systems and other substitutes for face-to-face meetings produced by firms such as Polycom, Picturetel and WebEx.
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"Putting these foods into your diet are excellent substitutes for other foods that may not be healthy, " she says.
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This year, teachers without permanent positions have been assigned to schools as substitutes for a week at a time.
They also took into consideration work done on substitutes for leadership, servant leadership, spirituality and leadership, cross-cultural leadership and e-leadership.
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In coming years, there will be adequate substitutes for many of those works at a quarter of the price, he says.
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Even so, some investors say that, despite their recent earnings troubles, there are few substitutes for the strength of strong global companies.
A. program, the school doesn't accept GMAT substitutes for its regular M.
Critics gripe that Kindles don't allow for displaying ads and are poor substitutes for the look and feel of thumbing through pages.
In this sense, hardware and software are partial substitutes for each other.
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In contrast, it is difficult to find potent substitutes for ordinary antibiotics, whose formulae are usually arrived at by luck rather than design.
Bristol-Myers Squibb has been hurt by competition from generic substitutes for proprietary drugs like Glucophage (diabetes medication), Taxol (cancer treatment) and BuSpar (antidepressant).
The four-door 1998 Dodge Ram Quad Cab shows how pickup trucks morphed from utilitarian work vehicles to substitutes for family sedans in America's heartland.
Or here, in what is the same thing in economic terms, we are buying and selling substitutes for each other at the same time.
So it's one of those things that we have to have, we have to buy it and there are a few substitutes for it.
But it remains to be seen whether these country-to-country trade links will serve as building blocks or as substitutes for a wider, multilateral agreement.
Big flat-panel displays are bound to get bigger and even better, and there's nothing to be said against them as necessary substitutes for theatrical screens.
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There are plenty of reasons that American demand for Chinese goods is price inelastic including, most importantly, that there are limited substitutes for those goods.
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Neither fixed nor floating rates are substitutes for sound macroeconomic policies.
Users can also turn off an auto-correction feature that had annoyed some users by suggesting substitutes for words they were attempting to type into the phone.
Across the road is Amyris, a Californian company which has developed enzymes that in laboratory experiments have turned sugar into substitutes for motor and jet fuel.
But since then plummeting prices for virgin paper, plastic and fuels, and hence also for the waste that substitutes for them, have put an end to such visions.
But also, more recently, new protein substitutes for meat products.
In economic effect, those buybacks are just substitutes for dividends.
"Growing and processing herbal medicine are value-added activities that will create new income sources - and provide substitutes for unprofitable crops, as well as cheap alternative medicine for everyone, " she says.
All of which is to say that economic incentives are powerful, necessary, tools of diplomacy, but they are fundamentally insufficient as replacements for the political process or as substitutes for political ideas.
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