Immediately after the Big Bang, the Universe was a hot, dense "soup" in which sub atomic particles interacted strongly with radiation.
This could shrink the size and cost of building giant accelerators, which produce sub-atomic particles.
The Standard Model is a framework that explains how the known sub-atomic particles interact with each other.
The loop may produce sub-atomic particles with a thousand times more energy than those in man-made accelerators.
Each electron added to this fluid creates a ripple, and these ripples behave like fractionally charged sub-atomic particles.
The candidates for dark matter come in two basic sorts: largish chunks, or darting, sub-atomic particles in unimaginable abundance.
The reason the detector is buried so deeply is to keep all but the most persistent of sub-atomic particles away from it.
WIMPs, if they exist, would be heavy (at least in sub-atomic terms).
But according to Cohen, whose credibility by this time was measurable only at the sub-atomic level, it was all just a big mistake.
Prof Peter Higgs developed a theory of how other sub-atomic particles came to have substance, or mass, and published his work in 1964.
WIMPs and other strange inmates of the sub-atomic zoo continues apace.
Among other interests he is pursuing for Microsoft are new ways of writing big, complex software packages, as well as new ways to realize superfast, sub-atomic quantum computing.
This will enable researchers here to move on to their ultimate goal: to find evidence of "new physics", which they believe will lead to a new, more compete theory of sub-atomic physics.
Though they did not, themselves, perform the synthesis, Dr't Hooft and Dr Veltman tidied up its mathematics to such a degree that useful predictions about the properties of unknown sub-atomic particles became possible.
My desperation is lessened, however, by some of the more quantum physics theory which seems to suggest that, if at a sub-atomic level quarks can be in two places at once, then logically there must be a parallel universe where NZ were 130 all out and we are about to win.
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