While Carrefour doesn't have sub-Saharan operations, the chain has stores in northern Africa.

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Mr Neale is accused of performing operations without consent, sub-standard surgery, unnecessary procedures and failing to inform his patients' GPs of complications following surgery he performed.

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The fall of Gadhafi in Libya gave both men the opportunity to take their operations northward into Libya from their sub-Saharan strongholds.

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But their withdrawal in early May exposed the weaknesses of the UN force, which was under-resourced and comprised troops, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and South Asia, with little experience of working together or of such operations.

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