Someone could study for the naturalization test by memorizing phrases without understanding at all what they mean.

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An especially significant 2011 study, reported on by Live Science, found that chewing gum before taking a test improved performance, but chewing gum throughout the test did not.

FORBES: Chew Yourself a Better Brain

By contrast, the more complex National Assessment of Educational Progress test is designed to study average performance.

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Recent research backs him up: A study by psychologists at Scotland's University of Edinburgh put a host of pickup lines to the test on 205 undergraduates, who rated whether they'd be likely to continue conversation.

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Though Einstein's framework remains intact so far, "the study is significant for the way observations by astronomers are helping to identify new, extreme cases" to test his general theory of gravity, said Dr. Wang.

WSJ: Einstein Proved Right on Gravity��Again

Yesterday, a study financed by the U.S. government showed that treating people with HIV as soon as they test positive keeps them from transmitting the virus to their sexual partners almost all the time.

FORBES: Three Reasons That Big HIV Study May Be Less Important Than It Seems

For instance, last year, a large review study by Angela Lee Duckworth and her team a UPenn that found that rewarding people monetarily for completing an IQ test has a lot to do with how well they do on the test.

FORBES: Women Surpass Men In IQ, But Are Other Factors More Important?

The College-Level Examination Program, run by the College Board (the institution that commissions the SAT entrance test), allows students to study on their own, then take a competency test in one of 33 subjects and get college credit for passing.

FORBES: Paying for College: The Three-Year Degree

Makers of drug-coated stents could be hurt further by results from a clinical trial being released at the end of the month--even though the study will test few, if any, of these drug-releasing devices.

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