There were three elements to this attack: first, Dukakis' refusal to compel pubic school teachers to lead students in the Pledge of Allegiance.

CNN: Jeff Greenfield: Party like it's 1988

It backed the National Union of Students' student fees pledge which stated any rise in fees in England and Wales would be detrimental to the interests of Scottish universities.

BBC: Decision time

Organizers of the Madison rally will be collecting e-mail addresses and pressing students to sign voting pledge cards that will be mailed back to them just before Election Day.

WSJ: Obama Travels To Fire Up Young Voters

The HBS students wanted to create a voluntary pledge that would deliberately echo the Hippocratic Oath as a step towards presenting management as a profession with its own code of conduct.

CNN: MBA students pledge to serve the greater good

Accommodating the Lib Dems' election pledge to relieve Scottish students of having to pay tuition fees, which were introduced for all British students by Labour a year ago, proved particularly thorny (see article).

ECONOMIST: From now on, Britain will have to get used to coalitions

The school has said it is making reforms to address the problem of hazing both on and off campus, including requiring students to sign an anti-hazing pledge.

CNN: Manslaughter charges added in FAMU hazing death

Mr Clegg has been burned in effigy by students, after breaking a pre-election pledge to oppose a rise in university-tuition fees.

ECONOMIST: Bagehot

His staff hit upon another idea: Pledge the existing endowment as collateral for loans from banks, and lend the proceeds to students at normal rates.

FORBES: Unique selling proposition