"It's correlating the increasing intensity in different bands that provides really important clues about the structure of the source, " Prof Madejski - a co-investigator on the NuStar X-ray telescope, told BBC News.

BBC: Blazar Markarian 421's flare-up is cosmic coincidence

This decentralised structure may be a source of weakness as banks merge and become more pan-European.

ECONOMIST: Banking on a crisis?

As ETFs have exploded in popularity, they also have become the source of concern that the structure distorts prices or would break under the strain of investors bailing out en masse.

WSJ: Gold ETFs Shine in Midst of Tumult

The source of malinvestment, according to the Austrian theory, is the systematic distortion of the structure of production that has its origins in government manipulation of the interest rate.

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