Once you house an antenna structure inside of an aluminum body, you also have shadowing effects to overcome, this is caused by the metal body affecting the radiated signal, as well as the inbound signals from the cell sites.

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By giving hope for the future and providing structure and a sense of normalcy, they help to mitigate the effects of conflict, disaster and displacement.

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Besides being frozen into the microwave background, the effects of the primordial cacophony should have been frozen into the structure of the universe.

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To complicate matters, thanks to variations in the structure of economies, a given change in interest rates may have quite different effects in two different countries.

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"Even where these have had positive effects, progress has been too slow and incremental, and fundamental concerns remain about the competitive structure and performance of these markets, " he said.

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