Since consumer spending is the largest component of GDP, the only way to counter the effects of less spending per person is to have more people working.
Similarly, this method assumes that all of the employment effects of spending in a state are felt within the state.
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But slower-than-expected ad spending could have ripple effects on a wide swath of companies depending on a strong advertising market, from Google and Facebook to hundreds of startups.
Other questions focused on ensuring private health insurance companies abide by industry codes of practice, membership of the European Defence Agency, and effects of spending cuts on public health.
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It also exists in a netherworld of first order effects in which we can increase government spending without having to worry about spillovers and second order effects on the private sector.
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Graham's amendment establishes a deficit-neutral reserve fund to broaden the effects of the spending cuts.
Again, point me to the GDP store where spending can be done without effects on particular firms or sectors.
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The scale of the damage may have longer-term effects on luxury spending that are difficult to pin on a timeline.
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Downturns in those sectors would, as in any recession, have ripple effects on consumer spending and business capital equipment purchases.
He took time out from electioneering to complete a doctoral thesis comparing the effects of development spending on rural and urban poverty.
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There is, however, a limit to the effects of such spending.
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So this borrowing does not have the negative economic effects of deficit spending in crowding out the savings and capital for private investment, and possibly increasing interest rates.
Asked by panel members about the effects of forced spending cuts this year due to the inability of Congress to agree on fiscal issues, all the witnesses described heavy impacts.
This is also leaving out all of the effects of State spending on the same issues, plus leaving out the effect of government or tax paid for services like K-12 education.
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Health insurance in the U.S. has at least two effects on health care spending.
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But when the government started to cut spending a year ago, the effects on Hokkaido's economy were severe.
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Department of Finance and Personnel official Michael Brennan outlined the effects of the Westminster spending review on the Executive's finances.
The TUC has published a report analysing the effects of possible public spending cuts on the 25 local authorities with the highest levels of unemployment.
As Mr Bernanke remarked in a speech a few months ago, this suggests that changes in property prices should affect consumer spending by more than conventional wealth effects imply.
The UK's health expenditure has increased significantly but has only recently caught up with the EU average so we may not yet be seeing the full effects of this additional spending.
Both campaigns dispute the Tax Policy Center's estimates, saying the study doesn't include the effects of their proposed spending cuts and that any estimates should be based on current policy--which includes the set-to-expire 2001 and 2003 tax cuts--not current law.
The elimination of home equity for most mortgages will no doubt have severe detrimental effects on consumer sentiment and spending.
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The direct effects of higher taxes and spending cuts, which take effect in January, will probably not be felt immediately.
Mizuho Corporate Bank calculated the multiplier effects of this public works spending.
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But whatever the origins of this concerted push against public spending and in favor of austerity the effects promise an unpleasant few years to come.
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Low earners would be given tax breaks to help them save, eventually reducing public spending on pensions and muting the disincentive effects of means tests.
Weak U.S. spending is already having knock-on effects abroad, he says.
And both measure the effects of their tax and spending plans not against current law (which has Mr Bush's tax cuts expiring by the start of 2011) but against a world in which the cuts are all extended.
And so we're being treated to the absurdity of conservative activist groups such as Americans for Prosperity -- whose sole purpose is to argue for cuts in government spending -- complaining about the practical effects of those very cuts on which they insisted.
The crisis was caused by funding its rapid expansion with debt followed by the negative effects of the recession on consumer spending.
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