They are formed by a naturally occurring family of tooth-specific proteins known as amelogenins.

BBC: By BBC News Online Science Editor Dr David Whitehouse

One theory, which may explain its failure against breast cancer, is that there may be tissue-specific proteins that spur tumor growth in the absence of VEGF.

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Dr Blobel hypothesised, and then proved, that each of these location-specific proteins is created with a tag that tells it where to go or, rather, latches on to the place it is supposed to be in when it gets there.

ECONOMIST: The 1999 Nobel prizes

Its research programme is equally concentrated on new, specialised applications for its existing drugs, or specific uses for new proteins, such as Crohn's disease.

ECONOMIST: Smooth sailing, so far

For years, scientists have known that the culprit is a single molecule, an enzyme that cuts proteins in two specific places.

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The technique begins with the placing of light-sensitive proteins from green algae inside specific types of brain cells.

FORBES: Ideas & Opinions

The viruses used to deliver the light-sensitive proteins can be engineered to target very specific clusters of brain cells.

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Drugmakers looked for proteins called ligands, which dock to specific GPCRs, and then created a drug that either blocked or enhanced the ability of the ligand to connect with its receptor.

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