Blaming rising global demand for raw materials in some fast-growing emerging market economies countries, Bernanke denied that QE2 had caused the recent surge in commodity prices.
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In some cases, collective purchasing of raw materials can help reduce costs.
With the price of raw materials going up, some were even selling goods at a loss.
It has also managed to retain some of the profits from processing its raw materials - something most African countries have failed to do.
With huge oversupply in some industries, and big rises in raw-materials costs, many manufacturers are having to endure wafer-thin margins.
Although the prices of some goods (such as energy and industrial raw materials) could pick up in 2003, the effect will probably be balanced by continuing falls in the prices of most services.
In it, he pointed out that some 126 hectares of traditional land had been granted to Padang to supply raw materials for cement.
By assuming the mythical even playing field at the beginning, libertarianism ignores the disadvantages some have to climb out of or the advantages others enjoy to get those raw materials in the first place.
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It plans to tap some of the thousands of asteroids that pass relatively close to Earth and extract their raw materials.
At some point in the future a situation exists where those world-wide supplies of raw materials start to dwindle and developed countries watch prices go up as they all compete for the same things.
China, of course, needs raw materials for its own value-adding industries: hence the fears of some Latin American trade unionists, and industrialists, that a closer relationship with the Chinese will simply help them to compete in the world market in manufactures.
Some European regulations will have to be altered in order to ensure the efficient use of energy, water and raw materials, and to protect the natural environment.
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