Fuado Otsuka then brought a large sample tile to Europe to show Claude Picasso, Pablo's son.

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"The post includes a sample two-page spread from an unidentified book to show how this important innovation can be actualized, " Portnoy explains.

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Other factors that contribute to false results are small sample sizes, studies that show weak effects (such as a drug which works only on a small number of patients) and poorly designed studies that allow the researchers to fish among their data until they find some kind of effect, regardless of what they started out trying to prove.

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