Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Trust has guidance that staff should not drink up to eight hours before they are on duty.

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Pregnant women and underage youth should not drink at all, Frieden stressed.

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The Association of Chief Police Officers in Scotland (Acpos) said that, while they supported Scottish government proposals to reduce the alcohol limit, people who plan to get behind the wheel should not drink any alcohol at all.

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Government guidelines recommend men should not regularly drink more than 3-4 units of alcohol a day, and women should limit themselves to 2-3 units a day.

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He agreed that it was appropriate for parents to allow drinking in the home for older teenagers - but reiterated the charity's view that younger teenagers should not be encouraged to drink.

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But Dr Clare Tower, consultant in obstetrics and fetal maternal medicine, at St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, stressed that women who have had the occasional alcoholic drink in pregnancy should not be overly alarmed by the findings.

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It should be obvious that not everyone is an average consumer: some people will drink far, far less, while some will drink much, much more.

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"That is entirely a matter for the police and licensing authority and therefore they should not take it out on me when I next go there for a drink, " he joked.

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There were also cognitive and memory tasks that the drink did not seem to improve, according to the study, and the researchers should look further into what other improvements can be seen besides the verbal recall finding, Gu said.

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