First, a rising overall level of employment tends to increase employment in each industry in proportion to its share of the overall economy.
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The winner of the Republican primary gets all the state's delegates (unlike the Democratic winner, who gets his in proportion to his share of the popular vote).
Mr Clegg refused, telling MPs the government would continue to appoint new peers "in proportion to the share of the vote won by parties in the last general election".
At the national level it is easy enough, though expensive, to account for this by surveying CPOs and including them in the sample in proportion to their share of the population.
Within each region, up to 11 new members of the European Parliament will be chosen by a formula that awards seats to each party roughly in proportion to its share of the vote.
Earlier this year America's Federal Reserve notified primary dealers that they would have to bid in auctions for a share of issuance that was in proportion to their size and number.
At the same time government spending has increased as a share of the economy, private sector activity has necessarily declined in proportion.
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An increasing proportion of profits are distributed to shareholders through dividends and share buybacks (firms buying their own shares to prop up their prices).
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That is a higher proportion than America's and twice as high as the share in Brazil, which elected a female president in 2010.
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According to Engel's law, first formulated by the 19th-century statistician Ernst Engel, the proportion spent on necessities falls as wealth increases, and the share devoted to luxuries rises.
That is double the proportion that offered a similar view in July 2009 and the largest share expressing this opinion since the question was first asked in 1987.
In Iceland, for instance, the share of people who want to become self-employed is 33 percentage points less than the proportion of the population that believes that going into business is feasible.
Government data show that the proportion of people who leave a job because they quit is growing, and now exceeds the share who leave because they are sacked, by a widening margin.
It is alarmed by the inflated valuations of domestic shares, a consequence of the small proportion of a company's shares that are actually tradable, and of investors' enduring belief that share prices are dictated by political signals, not by the laws of supply and demand.
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