In 2000, they created something they call The Shadow Conventions to run concurrently with the two national conventions.
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Some run shadow governments, or, bluntly, extortion rackets.
Dozens of interviews with businessmen, merchants, economists and former ministers and other top government officials reveal a picture of a dictatorship run by a shadow government that--the U.S. State Department suspects--finances terrorist groups abroad through a shadow foreign policy.
If Nancy Pelosi's party is to have any hope of actually running the country (not to be confused with operating a "shadow presidency" that threatens to run it into the ground), the Democrats had better not only forego further negative measures like the recent meddling in Iraq and Syria.
The conference was told that Labour's shadow cabinet would visit Wales in the run-up to the 2015 general election to learn from Labour assembly members.
It came to run what was in effect a shadow state in the north and east.
As the Commons embarked on the second day of debate on the contents of the Queen's Speech on 19 November, Mr Balls accused shadow schools secretary Michael Gove of trying to "run down" the achievements of young people by claiming they only had to respond to "Mickey Mouse" test questions, which had been "dumbed down".
But while invoking the memory of Mr Chavez may have been a good campaign strategy, working under his shadow may be risky for Mr Maduro in the long run, according to Mr Magdaleno.
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For one thing, it was a chance to prove he could successfully run a steel company outside Ken Iverson's shadow.
Andrew Lansley, the Conservatives' shadow cabinet office minister, said Mr Bell's decision to run would not reflect badly on the party at the polls.
Others in the shadow cabinet fear that the Scottish people might succumb to buyers' remorse and give Alex Salmond another run as First Minister in 2016.
If Chrome OS didn't start out with an inferiority complex living in the shadow of the massive adoption of its cousin Android, and with Eric Schmidt dismissing the hardware that would run it as cheap and interchangeable, the hardware companies that were early to adopt it didn't help matters.
Shadow ministers will be travelling to France, Germany and the Netherlands to discover why continentals can get their trains to run on time and provide hip operations within days instead of years.
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