Many dentists do not find the NHS fee scheme lucrative enough, and that the demand for private work is high enough to support their entire practice.

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Davenport, 45, of central London, was jailed in September, over an "advanced fee fraud" scheme.

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On 30 November 2010, Henry Smith said the regime could be administered by councils, with private car park operators covering the cost of the scheme by paying an application fee.

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The monthly payment will also include an administration fee levied by the scheme's organisers - usually an established racing stable - who select the horse and oversee its day to day care.

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Under the programme, contractors get a small fee when someone joins the scheme but they are only liable for larger fees once they have been in work for an extended period of time - of up to two years.

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There could be a scheme whereby the lottery operator simply gets a management fee (otherwise known as a fixed profit).

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When it joined the PEF scheme two years ago it suffered an exodus of fee-paying pupils whose parents worried about their children mixing with the wrong sort, and about falling standards (justifiably at first, test results showed).

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One pension-scheme manager says he demanded, and quickly secured, a halving of his fee rate from a fund-of-funds.

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If developers want to vary a planning consent they are liable to pay a second fee that could run to millions of pounds for a very big scheme.

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But this is easily overcome: often (as with the Caixa's operation of the national student-loans scheme) the banks are simply acting as distributors of government funds in return for a fee.

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