Again a flurry of great companies grew, built around their ability to master large-scale distribution.
Stephens pointed out that paper books are more economical for large-scale distribution.
In the new image, the full-scale distribution of vast clumps of dark matter can be seen around galaxy clusters, connected by wispy filaments of dark matter and trailing off to enormous voids where no matter exists.
Elizabeth Arden took a fragmented fragrance industry and centralized it to gain economies of scale in distribution.
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Anheuser-Busch InBev , the alcoholic beverage conglomerate, with its worldwide scale and distribution and strong positions in key markets like Brazil and China.
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Apple gets a lot of attention by being cheeky, stylish and having a marginally better operating system, but it is up against a monolith nine times its size, with all the economies of scale, distribution and the marketing reach that comes with such size.
With people moving up and down the income distribution scale, there would appear to be equality of opportunity, if not equality of outcome.
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According to Matt Johnson, the 23-year-old cofounder of Big Words, economies of scale and centralized distribution mean his company sells books for less and still realizes higher margins than brick-and-mortar bookstores.
With a smaller number of DVDs to handle, the company may lose out on the advantage of economies of scale and its distribution centers may not run as efficiently as they used to.
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Due to fewer number of DVDs to handle, the company may lose out on the advantage of economies of scale and its distribution centers may not run as efficiently as they used to.
But the greater economies of scale in inventory and distribution linked to Web sales makes them more profitable.
It was, to a large extent, the economies of scale in manufacturing and distribution that drove indies into the big firms' arms.
Previously, employees were reviewed twice a year on a five-point scale, plotted on a distribution curve, which determined workers' bonuses.
As they do not now have global networks, economies of scale from using Allied's distribution system would be lower.
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Though both produce many "free" and "not free" phones, they are insulated by their diverse product lines, global distribution and economies of scale, he says.
With economies of scale in manufacturing, procurement, distribution, marketing, sales, financing and research and development, you could get so giant no competitor could effectively attack your products or prices.
The second is structural, as communication technology has enabled the distribution of human capital to global scale.
As they gain scale, big chains are also opening modern distribution centres.
Amazon built unparalleled warehousing, distribution and customer management economies of scale that still exert, by some estimates, a 19% price advantage over Walmart.
The Association is currently working on the distribution of its productions on a national scale and aims to expand internationally.
They not only help fill the capital void but also often give startups access to the business expertise in manufacturing and distribution to take a small company to scale.
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People steal from the cheap-food shops of the Public Distribution System (PDS) on an industrial scale.
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The difference is that Schwab plans to do it on a grander scale, offering more selection, hand-holding and distribution through its investment advisers.
The "bricks and clicks" model, as Lehigh University's Snyder describes it, calls for moving some goods to large centralized distribution centers, which have the economies of scale to lower the carrying costs of inventory.
"The level and distribution of underwater noise is growing at a global scale but receives very little attention, " says Dr Slabbekoorn.
However, costs tend to come down in 3D printing not due to scale, but by greater efficiencies being uncovered in production and distribution.
But over the past few years, offbeat smaller-scale works have been taking off, thanks largely to digital-distribution platforms that give a broader audience access to them.
Traditionally, piracy concerned the unauthorised reproduction and distribution of physical copies of protected works, on a commercial scale or with a commercial purpose.
This means investment into organizational design on a global scale, establishing brand visibility, building worldwide supply chains and channels of distribution, and all of the rest of the complex set of activities that go into making a successful multinational corporation.
In this way, the clean energy space may more resemble the biotech space where biotechnology start-ups are routinely acquired by the large pharmaceuticals firms that have the distribution and sales networks necessary to bring new drugs to market at scale.
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