This strategy has precedent, says David Risinger of Morgan Stanley, but the scale and structure of Pfizer's scheme is unmatched.

ECONOMIST: Drugmakers

But he notes that the company has kept margins stable due to scale benefits and a pricing structure that is mostly usage based.

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In a nutshell, the problems were efficiency and scale, and the solution was bureaucracy, with its hierarchical structure, cascading goals, precise role definitions, and elaborate rules and procedures.

FORBES: Connect

But its main purpose is serious: to reveal the large-scale structure of the universe and thus uncover what happened in the first billion-trillion-trillionth of a second after the Big Bang to cause things to turn out the way they did.

ECONOMIST: The Sloan star survey

As an entrepreneur or an enterprising employee, look everywhere for organizational models that scale innovation and see if you can adapt their structure to your profession or market sector.

FORBES: Connect

Their shares trade at a discount to the other Italian banks because of their takeover-resistant structure, and they lack economies of scale.

ECONOMIST: Mutually assured destruction?

The structure allows Apple to minimize risk and take advantage of scale by having most of its foreign earnings held by one entity.

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Maintaining a force structure sufficient to engage in large-scale, high-intensity combined arms campaigns and the advanced or specialized assets required to assure access to critical domains is essential to deterrence of conflict, much less war waging.

CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: Section IV: Building a Two-MRC Force for the 21st Century

And to put some scale on that, if General Motors, for example, had Toyota's wage structure or benefit structure or health care cost, that is roughly equal to five new products a year every year.

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