And in the chamber, the respiration and the metabolic properties of the surface sand material were measured and we added nutrients and measured the gases that were produced.
But a later mission, Mariner 9, showed in 1971 that the surface had extensive sand dunes, massive craters and huge lava flows.
In the vacuum, the sharp edges of the lunar soil cling together, leaving a smooth surface much as moist sand does on a beach.
As for the unusual surface, Ms. McKenzie said the sand made turns and jumps especially difficult.
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On reaching the shale, the mixture of water and fracking fluid bursts open the rock and the sand keeps the fractures open, allowing the gas to flow to the surface.
The company has had to raise capital in order to invest in pulling that oil out of the ground, thousands of feet below the surface of the ocean, and another thousand feet below rock and sand.
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These oceans, and the fish that live there, are full of plastic, reduced to confetti, incessant from shore to shore, spread out like a spoonful of sand across a football field, over two-thirds of the Earth's surface.
But just as his head dropped below the surface, and the boat tugged against his grip, his feet found the sand, and he stood.
When the tide goes out, organizers shovel up and pat down the sand to create the racing line, but such are the elements that occasional pools of surface water can remain, which some horses don't mind but others despise -- merely another nuance to the racing at Laytown.
The sand is very probably just the product of weathered basalt, the ubiquitous volcanic rock on Mars' surface.
Most are smaller than a grain of sand, according to the American Meteor Society, and usually burn up before they hit Earth's surface.
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