It turned out that the RNA Mello was putting into the worms was actually blocking RNA messages.
One way in which this occurs is through "RNA interference", which involves the introduction of double-stranded RNA molecules.
BBC: NEWS | Science/Nature | Salvage prospect for 'junk' DNA
These trigger the degradation of another type of RNA molecule known as messenger RNA (mRNA), "down-regulating" the gene.
BBC: NEWS | Science/Nature | Salvage prospect for 'junk' DNA
RpoB is involved in translating DNA into RNA. Both, like the genes for ribosomal RNA, are old and ubiquitous.
Technicians dipped each slice in an RNA solution that stained cells containing a single sequence of RNA in a particular color.
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These genes make RNA that, instead of making a protein, works to keep other RNA floating in the cell from making proteins.
The effect of the Zhang paper was not to activate genes through affecting DNA, but to suppress genes through an RNA-mediated process called RNA silencing.
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The experimental drugs latch on to the sense strand of RNA, a messenger form of DNA, thereby blocking the RNA from producing proteins that cause disease.
What's more, later research would reveal that genes that create this kind of RNA--known as RNAi, for RNA interference--existed in plants, fruit flies and even people.
He decided to harness the strength of what he calls "the finest RNA chemists in the world" to use their knowledge in the nascent field of RNA interference.
Transcriptors substitute DNA for semiconductors and RNA for the electrons in traditional transistors -- essentially, the transcriptor controls the flow of a specific RNA protein along a DNA strand using tailored combinations of enzymes.
Instead, differences in composition between warm-water and cold-water ion channels were the result of a phenomenon called RNA editing, in which special enzymes alter the structure of the RNA messenger, and thus of the final protein.
It was a stretch of DNA that could be transcribed by an enzyme called polymerase into a chemically similar molecule known as RNA. The RNA acted as a messenger that was itself translated into protein molecules in sub-cellular factories called ribosomes.
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Crooke's first task, an arduous one, was to find out how big the drug should be to best target RNA. RNA strands stretch thousands of nucleotides long, and there may be only one offender out of 100, 000 different strands floating in a cell at any given time.
Caldas at the Cambridge Research Institute, where they utilise genomic tools to study RNA in breast cancer.
RNA. It also has a part that likes to bind chemically to the appropriate amino acid.
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By binding to RNA, antisense prevents proteins involved in disease from ever being created.
The polymerase helps the virus churn out millions of copies of its RNA genetic material.
The RNA was extracted from the twig of a diseased tree in Ashwellthorpe wood in Norfolk.
Experts sequenced the RNA of the fungus, which was mixed up with that of the plant.
Second, the researchers sequenced only RNA, not DNA, meaning they might have missed some types of bacteria.
Antisense instead binds to the RNA messenger molecules that ferry genetic information from the DNA to the cell.
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Far from being silent relics, many pseudogenes are transcribed into RNA, some exhibiting a tissue-specific pattern of activation.
RNA, the output molecule of the computation is able to affect the levels of expression of the diseased genes.
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When Isis' antisense strand latched on there, it activated an enzyme that destroys the RNA that codes for PKC-alpha.
He tried putting in pieces of RNA, and found that they were able to shut off genes pretty much entirely.
Sometimes it means explaining economic concepts to researchers who may be brilliant at RNA synthesis but know nothing about finance.
The theory is that big differences come from the way in which certain RNA molecules copy DNA sequences into proteins.
Basically, it involves using a small hairpin shaped snippet of RNA to turn off a single gene at a time.
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