ZestCash, which operates through a website people in need of a loan access, says it can charge less, perhaps 300%, by better economic modelling and better risk management, using Internet-type search of non-obviouis data.

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The World Health Organisation has been recommending since 1993 to get all Western countries to put risk management arrangements in place to deal with this type of attack.

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They have argued that technology, legal, risk-management and other divisions don't lend themselves to this type of measurement, these people said.

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