It is certainly tough: it envisages a primary surplus of revenues over expenditure that is, before interest payments are taken into account of 6.5% in the new fiscal year.

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Managers have all the elements of this equation (costs, revenues, debt and capital expenditure) in their hands.

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The government's budget for the fourth quarter shows tax revenues at only half the planned expenditure and this is the optimistic forecast.

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Facing the prospect of being punished with heavy fines and barred from European competition, they are desperate to make sure that generated revenues are equal or greater than expenditure.

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Most of its deficit reduction has come from higher revenues, but the government has tried to restrain expenditure: federal spending has risen by around 1.5% a year since 2004.

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Job and wealth losses have compressed tax revenues, and stimulus spending has padded the numbers on the expenditure side.

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The temptation for companies is to book revenues from swapping capacity upfront, but to label the cost of acquiring it as capital expenditure which is written down over several years.

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