Change in electrical potential was measured before and after application and a dose-response curve was constructed with R2 value of 99.92%.

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The company thinks the value for very fast response times on dynamically updated information is very broad, far beyond returning results to impatient retail customers, because it allows users such as business analysts, marketing and advertising staff to ask more questions and then develop and refine models.

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While this may seem theoretically sensible, in practice it leads to buying back more shares when the market value has increased significantly in response to stronger cash flows.

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In the decision of Skilling v the United States the Supreme Court made a ruling on Honest Services fraud by stating that to prove this crime, the government must show an exchange between something of value and an act taken in response.

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The Police Federation of England and Wales said in response it would "do everything within our means to ensure that the value of police officers' pensions continue to reflect the difficult job that we do".

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One response to this challenge is to point out that what really matters is the value over time, something especially relevant to the consideration of new technologies.

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European politicians, unable to fashion a unified fiscal response to the crisis, will embrace a sharp fall in the euro's value against the dollar and yuan as perhaps the only source of relief.

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But the spirit of volunteerism in response to presidential leadership can diminish both, and provide capabilities that may prove to be of great value in future emergencies.

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