Mining companies spent little on research and development, or on exploration, in the 1990s and were slow to get going again.
"Early intervention is key, because brain development starts before birth, " says Dr. Pat Levitt, director of the Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development in Nashville, Tennessee.
Even armed with the latest research on child development, how can you stick to trying new skills when parenting is so overwhelming, you're exhausted, and there are so many things you want to do better?
Foster research on the development, use, evaluation and re-contextualisation of OER as well as on the opportunities and challenges they present, and their impact on the quality and cost-efficiency of teaching and learning in order to strengthen the evidence base for public investment in OER.
None of these companies ever cut back on research and development, which paid off as spending on tech infrastucture exploded.
Ross also notes that Merck has a reputation for being tough on research and development.
For its latest quarter, Dell spent just 1% of its sales revenue on research and development.
The more lucrative advanced weapons rely heavily on research and development conducted before 1989.
Pirelli focuses heavily on research and development, investing around 3% of revenues each year into the area.
Gaffney also expressed concern about the deep cut being proposed in research and development on strategic defenses.
Killing all those programs wasted many billions of dollars that had already been expended on research and development.
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Every growth company needs to innovate continually, maybe spending 20 percent of your revenues on research and development.
And it said its tax liability was reduced because of the millions it spends on research and development.
It's only seed money, representing a fraction of the 4% of revenue BorgWarner spends on research and development.
The company spends heavily on research and development, and it has produced breakthroughs in semiconductor, screen and computer-memory technology.
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Innovation is not driven by high expenditure on research and development, but by the company's insights into consumer habits.
The tax will force companies to lay off employees, cut back on research and development, or diminish capital investment.
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With the monopolistic Bell System setting the pace, U.S. corporate spending on research and development took off in the 1920s.
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Only Slovenia, the Czech Republic and Croatia spend even half of western Europe's 2.2% of GDP on research and development.
With all the billions spent on research and development, some 3, 000 individual patents have been issued for various processes and designs.
And the German industry spends a higher proportion of its revenue on research and development than that of any other country.
Brazil spends a paltry 1.1% of its GDP on research and development compared with 1.4% in China and 3.4% in Japan.
Apple spends a great deal of money on research and development already.
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Service providers spend millions of dollars each year on research and development designed to optimize the effectiveness of the fluids they use.
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Other large emerging economies are also spending more on research and development than before, among them Brazil, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.
At present the EU spends about 2% of its GDP on research and development, significantly less than the US (2.8%) and Japan (over 3%).
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Last year Newell spent 0.7% of sales on research and development.
America has almost three times as many Nobel prize-winners than the next country (Britain), and spends more on research and development than any other country.
Dell, by contrast, has never spent much on research and development.
Apple just handed its annual report in to the SEC, revealing that the company laid out an extra billion dollars on Research and Development this year.
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