Curbing climate change means both removing carbon from the atmosphere and oceans and avoiding new carbon emissions.

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Its most recent glitch was a leak that disabled the apparatus for removing carbon dioxide from the air.

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Until recently, the costs of removing carbon from the atmosphere on that scale have been regarded by economists as prohibitive.

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The other approach is less risky, and involves removing carbon directly from the atmosphere and burying it in vast ocean storage beds or deep inside the earth.

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They provide safe havens for ocean wildlife to recover and maintain healthy biodiversity, supporting habitats that act as carbon sinks, removing CO2 from the air and generating the majority of atmospheric oxygen.

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For example, the adoption of genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops just in the United States contributed in 2010 to the equivalent of removing 11 billion pounds (5 billion kg) of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the equivalent of removing nearly 2.25 million cars from the road for one year.

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The carbon reduction is equivalent to removing close to 250 automobiles from operation for one year or preserving over 11 acres of forest.

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From 1996 to 2010, the shift to biotech crops reduced carbon emissions by 19.4 billion kilograms, the equivalent of removing 8.6 million cars from the road for a year.

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We need a long-term cap on carbon output and a market price for carbon, he said, because it will send a long-term signal to energy companies, removing the uncertainty around capital investment plans.

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