The European Commission's decision to issue the UK government with a "formal notice" is the culmination of a long battle by Safe Haven to obtain answers about the risk assessments that have been carried out in relation to LNG shipping in the Milford Haven waterway.
Valuation becomes a matter of ratios of highly formalized GAAP earnings in relation to fluctuating prices adjusted by highly abstract notions of variance and value at risk.
From a growth perspective, stocks and bonds are valued properly in relation to one another when the stock yield is sufficiently higher than the bond yield to compensate you for the risk of future earnings shortfalls.
The government has also arranged for Petrobras to be the primary operator of all pre-salt oil fields and to have a minimum 30 percent stake in all pre-salt joint ventures, an arrangement that is still competitive in relation to other major oil-producing states like Nigeria and Venezuela (and without the high militant and political risk).