So if a genuine reflation requires the yen's depreciation, the psychological effect on regional currencies should be relatively muted.
Over the years the Zambrano clan slowly increased the size of the business, but it remained in effect a sleepy regional cement company.
But what effect are these regional accents having on American culture?
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It would have an adverse effect on the local and regional economies, he added.
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The worst effect of the dependence on regional aid has been to sap southern enterprise.
Mr Jones said regional pay would have a "detrimental effect on Wales".
Mundell is proposing, in effect, a de facto super-regional currency area by managing the exchange rate between the dollar and the euro through a process of central bank coordination.
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"The mood is one of 'Geez, we hope something bad doesn't happen to a National City, for instance, ' any regional employer ... because that has a big effect, " he said.
In effect, Bundesrat members act as delegates for their regional governments (which themselves are enormously powerful in Germany's federal system) and are often the key figures in those governments.
While most outside commentary about Startup Weekend focuses on the ideas and companies that emerge, in our experience the most enduring effect of Startup Weekend is its impact on the local and regional communities.
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Many smaller Scottish and regional airports have for years freely negotiated their charges with the airlines to no ill effect.
In effect, the bank s stock served as an index fund for the regional economy, which at that time was dominated by the cyclical technology industry.
One detrimental effect of the bank crisis three years ago is tightened credit standards among regional banks have reduced access to capital for small businesses.
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