Then, compare the expense ratio to the chart of index funds on this page, each of which is among the cheapest for the index it tracks, according to Morningstar.

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Any self-respecting bank bull likes to whip out a chart comparing the ratio of bank loans with GDP in poor and rich countries.

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The chart below plots the ratio of the percentage of dollars in VC that go to LS companies vs the percentage of the total deal numbers that are LS deals.

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Indeed, all four speakers at the SocGen event used a chart of the cyclically adjusted ratio.

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This is evident in the chart below, which displays the ratio of puts bought to open, relative to calls, on three major exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

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For example, Santander has a cost-to-income ratio of 45%, the lowest among big international banks (see chart).

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The good news is that, on a nationwide basis, the house-price-to-income ratio is still below its late 1980s peak in Britain and America (see chart 6).

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In the chart below, the potential for profit can be identified when the price ratio hits its first or second deviation.

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If you look at the chart at that link you will see that the United States has a comparatively low ratio of public debt to GDP.

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