They will take on the short-term costs of raising their homes or the long-term risk of another devastating storm.
Few expect the central bank to start raising short-term rates before late 2015 or early 2016.
To undertake such big network upgrades, Mr Byers is proposing to adopt an idea for raising long-term private finance that was developed before Railtrack's collapse.
Yields on ten-year Treasuries were higher in the spring of 2004, before he started raising short-term rates, than they are now, nine rate hikes later.
The Fed has little or no influence on the velocity of money short of raising short-term interest rates to a level that causes an economic slowdown or recession.
By February 2005, a confused Greenspan admitted the fact that yields on 10-year Treasury securities kept falling even as he and fellow Federal Reserve policy makers kept raising short-term rates.
The Federal Reserve will continue raising short-term interest rates, but unless it stops printing an excessive amount of money, it will give us a replay, although a milder version, of the dreadful stagnation experiences of the late 1970s and early 1980s.
But the Federal Reserve had already started raising short-term interest rates, flattening the yield curve, the difference between short and long rates. (Since banks borrow short and lend long, their margins are higher when the curve is steep.) When this began eating into lenders' profits, they reacted by pushing subprime rates back up.
But, ultimately, Budget day is all about the Chancellor: Raising as much short term cheer for his party as possible and setting, or maintaining, some long term direction.
But the danger is that central banks inflate another credit bubble, saving the economy from disaster in the short term but raising the stakes still further when the next crisis comes around.
The balance may swing back slightly next year, but the mix is threatened on a number of fronts in the longer term, raising doubts as to whether margins will return to their previous levels over the next few years.
Reagan supported raising them during his first term as the country faced recession.
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"The really successful charities combine raw passion for their cause with a clear-eyed view of where they will get the greatest return on their fund-raising investment over the long term, " he says.
Ed Grebeck, chief executive officer of Tempus Advisors and a veteran of the bond markets, said he thinks the markets are more concerned about the longer-term health of the U.S. economy, rather than the short-term fix of raising the debt ceiling.
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Thomas Piketty of the Paris School of Economics, Emmanuel Saez of the University of California, Berkeley, and Stefanie Stantcheva of MIT argue in a new paper that this is why few studies have been able to show any significant long-term effect from raising top tax rates.
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It has done this without ever formally changing its mandate or raising questions about its long-term commitment to low inflation.
But industry officials contend that the anticipated cuts will yield short-term savings while likely raising prices paid by the government in the long run.
Social Security is endangered because it is expected to start paying out more in benefits than it collects in payroll taxes as the large baby boom generation enters retirement age, raising questions about its long-term viability.
Bernanke referred to the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program to buy Treasury securities as a successful measure in stimulating long-term interest rates and raising the prices of equities, while also emphasizing that the practice does not really constitute government spending, as the Fed is not purchasing goods and services.
But raising duty will be a short-term squeeze on household spending, with nothing like the hit of a VAT increase, for example, which affects all products.
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Major insurer, Genworth Financial, just announced that it will be raising rates for single female purchasers of long term care insurance by as much as 40% for women, not for men.
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Whether the long-term deficit is closed ultimately by raising taxes or cutting benefits, that will mean the effective rate of return from the program will be lower, ultimately falling into the negative range for everyone.
Whether the long term deficit is closed ultimately by raising taxes or cutting benefits, that will mean the effective rate of return from the program will be lower, ultimately falling into the negative range for everyone.
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Carwyn Jones is deeply sceptical about any significant devolution of tax-raising powers to Wales in at least the medium term.
"Such a move would generate substantial economic efficiency gains from reduced congestion, reduce the tax levied on the majority of miles driven, leave many (particularly rural) motorists better off, and provide a stable long-term footing for motoring taxes without necessarily raising net additional revenue from drivers, " the IFS said.
As well as raising fundamental questions about the ownership of companies in the long term, corporate America's growing debt raises concerns about their health in the short term.
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And the states, cities and counties that issue municipal debt sense the hunger in the market and are raising billions of dollars of cash, even as long-term solvency risks remain unresolved.
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The loss: because the deal does not include raising the US debt ceiling or the implementation of longer-term budget cuts, investors will be witnessing another US political showdown in the coming weeks as both these issues are negotiated.
Many of us are being asked how people can contribute to help families affected, and today we meet with non-governmental organizations to try to work out how we can harness this amazing energy online into raising funds for those affected by the attacks in the short term.
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Recognizing that our vaunted AAA credit rating is at stake and a default, of any magnitude, on our debt could be expensive and felt across the globe, raising the debt ceiling strikes me as yet another short-term remedy to put a band-aid on a mounting fiscal deficit as opposed to taking the initial steps towards building long, lasting fiscal reform.
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